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(詳細はEdward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford poly 107 1 214 1 214 143 145 142 145 104 107 104 Francis Bacon rect 68 106 144 177 William Shakespeare poly 1 144 67 144 67 178 106 179 106 291 1 290 Christopher Marlowe poly 145 143 214 143 214 291 108 291 107 179 144 178 William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby ''Note: In compliance with the accepted terminology used within the Shakespeare authorship question, this article uses the term "Stratfordian" to refer to the position that William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon was the primary author of the plays and poems traditionally attributed to him. The term "anti-Stratfordian" is used to refer to the theory that some other author, or authors, wrote the works.''〔: "The call for an 'open debate' which echoes through Oxfordian websites is probably pointless: there is no common ground of terminology between 'Stratfordians' (as they are reluctantly forced to describe themselves) and anti-Stratfordians."; : "What particularly disturbed (Stephen Greenblatt) was Mr. Niederkorn’s characterization of the controversy as one between 'Stratfordians' . . and 'anti-Stratfordians'. Mr. Greenblatt objected to this as a tendentious rhetorical trick. Or as he put it in a letter to The Times then: 'The so-called Oxfordians, who push the de Vere theory, have answers, of course—just as the adherents of the Ptolemaic system . . . had answers to Copernicus. It is unaccountable that you refer to those of us who believe that Shakespeare wrote the plays as "Stratfordians," as though there are two equally credible positions'."〕 Claims that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon wrote the works traditionally attributed to him were first explicitly made in the 19th century. To that date, there is no evidence that his authorship was ever questioned.〔: "No one in Shakespeare's lifetime or the first two hundred years after his death expressed the slightest doubt about his authorship."; .〕 This conclusion is not accepted, however, by proponents of an alternative author, who discern veiled allusions in contemporary documents they construe as evidence that the works attributed to him were written by someone else,〔.〕 and that certain early 18th-century satirical and allegorical tracts contain similar hints.〔, cited in ;〕 Throughout the 18th century, Shakespeare was described as a transcendent genius and by the beginning of the 19th century Bardolatry was in full swing.〔.〕 Uneasiness about the difference between Shakespeare's godlike reputation and the humdrum facts of his biography continued to emerge in the 19th century. In 1853, with help from Ralph Waldo Emerson, Delia Bacon, an American teacher and writer, travelled to Britain to research her belief that Shakespeare's works were written by a group of dissatisfied politicians, in order to communicate the advanced political and philosophical ideas of Francis Bacon (no relation). Later writers such as Ignatius Donnelly portrayed Francis Bacon as the sole author. After being proposed by James Greenstreet in 1891, it was the advocacy of Professor Abel Lefranc, a renowned authority on Renaissance literature, which in 1918 put William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby in a prominent position as a candidate.〔.〕 The poet and playwright Christopher Marlowe was first proposed as a member of a group theory by T.W. White in 1892. This theory was expanded in 1895 by Wilbur G. Zeigler, where he became the group's principal writer. Other short pieces supporting the Marlovian theory appeared in 1902, 1916 and 1923, but the first book to bring it to prominence was Calvin Hoffman's 1955 ''The Man Who Was Shakespeare''. In 1920, an English school-teacher, John Thomas Looney, published ''Shakespeare Identified'', proposing a new candidate for the authorship in Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. This theory gained many notable advocates, including Sigmund Freud, and since the publication of Charlton Ogburn's ''The Mysterious William Shakespeare: the Myth and the Reality'' in 1984, the Oxfordian theory, boosted in part by the advocacy of several Supreme Court justices, and high-profile theatre professionals, has become the most popular alternative authorship theory.〔;.〕 ==Alleged early doubts== The overwhelming majority of mainstream Shakespeare scholars state that there are no expressions of doubt about Shakespeare's authorship during his lifetime, or for two centuries thereafter. Jonathan Bate writes the traditional attribution was first challenged in the middle of the 19th century, and there is no evidence that the authorship was ever questioned before then: "No one in Shakespeare's lifetime or the first two hundred years after his death expressed the slightest doubt about his authorship." Proponents of alternative authors, however, have claimed to find hidden or oblique expressions of doubt in the writings of Shakespeare's contemporaries and in later publications. In the early 20th century, Walter Begley and Bertram G. Theobald claimed that Elizabethan satirists Joseph Hall and John Marston alluded to Francis Bacon as the true author of ''Venus and Adonis'' and ''The Rape of Lucrece'' by using the sobriquet "Labeo" in a series of poems published in 1597-8. They take this to be a coded reference to Bacon on the grounds that the name derives from Rome's most famous legal scholar, Marcus Labeo, with Bacon holding an equivalent position in Elizabethan England. Hall denigrates several poems by Labeo and states that he passes off criticism to "shift it to another's name". This is taken to imply that he published under a pseudonym. In the following year Marston used Bacon's Latin motto in a poem and seems to quote from ''Venus and Adonis'', which he attributes to Labeo.〔; .〕 Theobald argued that this confirmed that Hall's Labeo was known to be Bacon and that he wrote ''Venus and Adonis''. Critics of this view argue that the name Labeo derives from Attius Labeo, a notoriously bad Roman poet, and that Hall's Labeo could refer to one of many poets of the time, or even be a composite figure, standing for the triumph of bad verse.〔〔A Davenport, ''The Poems of Joseph Hall'', Liverpool University Press, 1949.〕 Also, Marston's use of the Latin motto is a different poem from the one which alludes to ''Venus and Adonis''. Only the latter uses the name Labeo, so there is no link between Labeo and Bacon.〔 In 1948 Charles Wisner Barrell argued that the "Envoy", or postscript, to Thomas Edward's poem ''Narcissus'' (1595) identified the Earl of Oxford as Shakespeare. The Envoy uses allegorical nicknames in praising several Elizabethan poets, among them "Adon". This is generally accepted to be an allusion to Shakespeare as the mythical Adonis from his poem ''Venus and Adonis''. In the next stanzas, Edwards mentions a poet dressed "in purple robes", "whose power floweth far." Since purple is, among other things, a symbol of aristocracy, most scholars accept that he is discussing an unidentified aristocratic poet. Barrell argued that the stanzas about Adon and the anonymous aristocrat must be seen together. He stated that Edwards is revealing that Adon (Shakespeare) is really the Earl of Oxford, forced by the Queen to use a pseudonym.〔Barrell, Charles Wisner. (“Oxford vs. Other ‘Claimants’ of the Edwards Shakespearean Honors, 1593” ); ''The Shakespeare Fellowship Quarterly'' (Summer 1948)〕 Variations on Barrell's argument have been repeated by Diana Price and Roger Stritmatter. James Rubenstein argues that the same passage points to Sir Henry Neville. Mainstream scholars assert that Edwards is discussing two separate poets, and it has also been suggested that (as in the final stanzas of ''Venus and Adonis'') the purple refers to blood, with which his garments are "distain'd", and that the poet could be Robert Southwell, under torture in the Tower of London. Many other passages supposedly containing hidden references to one or another candidate have been identified. Oxfordian writers have found ciphers in the writings of Francis Meres.〔Robert Detobel, K.C. Ligon, "Francis Meres and the Earl of Oxford", ''Brief Chronicles: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Authorship Studies'', 1: 1, 2009, pp. 97–108.〕 Marlovian Peter Farey argues that the poem on Shakespeare's monument is a riddle asking who is "in this monument" with Shakespeare, the answer to which is "Christofer Marley", as Marlowe spelt his own name.〔Peter Farey, "The Stratford Monument: A Riddle and Its Solution", ''Journal of the Open University Shakespeare Society'', 12: 3, 2001, pp.62-74.〕 Various anti-Stratfordian writers have interpreted poems by Ben Jonson, including his prefatory poem to the First Folio, as oblique references to Shakespeare's identity as a frontman for another writer. They have also identified him with such literary characters as the laughingstock Sogliardo in Jonson’s ''Every Man Out of His Humour'', the literary thief poet-ape in Jonson's poem of the same name, and the foolish poetry-lover Gullio in the university play ''The Return from Parnassus''. Such characters are taken as evidence that the London theatrical world knew Shakespeare was a mere front for an unnamed author whose identity could not be explicitly given.〔.〕 Visual imagery, including the Droeshout portrait has also been claimed to contain hidden messages.〔Marjorie B. Garber, ''Profiling Shakespeare'', Taylor & Francis, 24 Mar 2008, p. 221.〕 Edwin Durning-Lawrence asserts that "there is no question – there can be no possible question – that in fact it is a cunningly drawn cryptographic picture, shewing two left arms and a mask ... Especially note that the ear is a mask ear and stands out curiously; note also how distinct the line shewing the edge of the mask appears." Durning-Lawrence also claims that other engravings by Droeshout "may be similarly correctly characterised as cunningly composed, in order to reveal the true facts of the authorship of such works, unto those who were capable of grasping the hidden meaning of his engravings."〔Edwin Durning-Lawrence, ''Bacon Is Shake-Speare'', John McBride Co., New York, 1910, pp. 23, 79–80.〕 R.C. Churchill notes that Baconians have often claimed to find secret meanings in the imagery of the title pages and frontispieces of 17th-century books, such as the 1624 book ''Cryptomenytices et Cryptographiae'', by Gustavus Selenus (a pseudonym of the Duke of Brunswick), or the 1632 edition of Florio's translation of Montaigne.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Shakespeare authorship question」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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<BR><imagemap><BR>Image:ShakespeareCandidates1.jpg|thumb|alt=Portraits of Shakespeare and four proposed alternative authors.|Oxford, Bacon, Derby, and Marlowe (clockwise from top left, Shakespeare centre) have each been proposed as the true author. <small>''(Clickable image—use cursor to identify.)''</small><BR>poly 1 1 105 1 107 103 68 104 68 142 1 142 <A HREF=){kind=link}